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How MicroRNA contributes to Neuroscience?

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Nervous system, Neuroscience and MicroRNA Nervous system and Neuroscience The nervous system is a highly complex system that coordinates physical behavior and perception by sending signals around the body. The nervous system is closely related to the sensory organs to respond to changes in the external environment and cooperates with the endocrine system to endow the organism with the ability to adapt to the environment[1]. Defined at the cellular level, the nervous system consists primarily of neurons (nerve cells), in addition to glial cells that provide structural and metabolic support[2]. Defined at the system level, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS consists primarily of the brain and spinal cord, the main function is to integrate information and send signals to the body to control coordination[3]. PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord, the main function is to perceive and...
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Human Renal Cells

The renal system, also known as the urinary system, consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. These organs work in conjunction to eliminate metabolic waste products from the body by filtering approximately 200 liters of fluid per day. In addition, this system plays an essential role in the management of blood pressure and pH levels as well as the regulation of metabolites and electrolytes.   Researchers in the field of urinary disorders frequently utilize human primary cells to increase their understanding of the diseases that can affect this vital biological system. The use of these cells in laboratory and research settings is expected to grow in the coming years due to the unparalleled capacity of these biological products to replicate  in vivo  conditions while retaining high physiological relevance.   Primary Cells and Renal Disorders Human primary renal cells can yield insights into a variety of disorders affecting the urinary system, s...
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Regulators of gene expression: MicroRNAs

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Non-coding   RNA  a nd   Micro   RNA What is N on-coding   RN A? Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) refer to the RNAs that do not translate into proteins. There are many kinds of ncRNAs, and some of them play key roles in the physiological and pathological processes, such as  transfer RNAs  (tRNAs),  ribosomal RNAs  (rRNAs), multiple small RNAs (such as microRNAs,  siRNA s,  snRNA s, etc.), and some long non-coding RNAs[1, 2]. Many ncRNAs have not yet been discovered, and there are also many ncRNAs whose functions have not been determined or are useless[3, 4]. The first ncRNA to be characterized was alanine tRNA in 1965s [5], and the structure of tRNA was resolved in the 1970s ( Figure.1a ) [6, 7]. And then as more ncRNAs were discovered, the importance of ncRNAs was determined ( Figure.1b ). NcRNAs are involved in the pathological process of various diseases, including cancer[8], autism[9], Alzheimer’s disease[10], etc. Therefore, it is cons...
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Bone Cancer and Bone Cancer Cell Lines

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Bone and Bone Cancer Bone The bone is a rigid organ that protects other organs and supports the body[1, 2]. There are about 300 bones in a newborn baby, and some of them will fuse during growth and development, and finally, 206 pieces are left in adulthood[3]. The main structures of bones include the outer cortex composed of dense bone[4], internal cortical bone[5], marrow[6], and cells[5]. Bones have a variety of functions, including a variety of mechanical functions[7], the Synthetic function of bone marrow ( hematopoiesis )[8], and are involved in body metabolism (such as mineral and fat storage,  pH balance regulation , detoxication, and calcium balance regulation). Besides, some diseases or injuries also occur in the bones, such as fractures, tumors, osteoporosis, etc.[9].     Figure.1  Microstructure of bone tissue   Tumor and  B one Cancer Bone has the possibility of tumorigenesis, which may affect the bones to a certain extent. Benign tumors are mos...
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