AcceGen

Neurodegenerative Diseases and Microglia Neurodegenerative diseases , such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s diseases, and so on, were referred to chronic and progressive loss of neurons in the brain and activation of microglia in brain cells[1]. The symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases include memory loss, impaired executive function, personality changes, and progressive inability to perform daily activities[2].   Microglia  are immune cells in the central nervous system that mediate neuroinflammatory responses, which could perform immune monitoring, antigen presentation, and secretory regulatory immune molecules[3].   However, excessive activation of microglia can severely damage brain tissue and cause various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)[4]. As shown in figure 1, the microglia are activated in neurodegenerative diseases and express a large number of immune mediators such as IL-1β, TNFα, ROS, and NO. Microglial cells can be divided into two subtypes

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are pluripotent stem cells, derived by transducing a specific set of pluripotency-associated genes, or “reprogramming factors” into an adult cell type.   These cells show qualities very similar to human embryonic stem cells. Since iPSCs derived directly from adult tissues, they have the potential to differentiate into tissues. This process not only bypasses the need for embryos but can be grown into tissue individually. How to generate  i PSCs? There are multiple ways to generate iPSCs, including retrovirus or lentivirus-mediated gene transduction and chemical induction. The original set of reprogramming factors (also called Yamanaka factors) consists of the genes Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4 , using a retroviral system. The retroviral vectors require integration into host chromosomes to express reprogramming genes, but DNA-based vectors and plasmid vectors do not generally integrate into the cell genome. At the same time, Thomson and colle

The  O rigin of  V ero  C ells Vero cells are recognized by the  World Health Organization (WHO)  and  Chinese Pharmacopoeia  in producing vaccines. Vero cells, also known as African green monkey kidney cells, were officially isolated from African green monkey kidneys by Japanese scholars Yasumura Y and Kawakita Y in 1962[1]. It was the first aneuploidy attachment-dependent cell used in producing human biological products and establishing cell lines and cell bank of different generations at the same time.   The  R elationship between Vero  C ells and  V iral  V accines Viral vaccines  have been widely used in preventing many diseases, including rabies, influenza, and smallpox[2]. However, vaccines are still not affordable for vulnerable populations in endemic areas, the cost of the vaccine and the tremendous need worldwide are the main hurdles for equitable and global use of human viral vaccines[3].   The Vero cells can be applied to vaccine production ranges from live rotavirus vaccin